Expatriates Forums in Uzbekistan

Thai Massage in Tashkent

angelka — Wed Dec 17, 2008 8:06 pm

Author: angelka

Posted: Wed Dec 17, 2008 8:06 pm

Hi everybody!
Our company is located in Tashkent. We want to open a new SPA salon. I know that Thailand is the best country in Thai massage industry. We are looking for expert or massage therapist to work in our SPA salon (contract). We pay 40% from basic price of massage session. All you need to find skilled specialists for contract work (around 6 month or more), give us doctor's certificate of the personal, and get a visas to Uzbekistan. Your compensation we will discuss by the email or icq. I will be waiting for your offers. Thanks.

join our unique investment club

dutchjobs — Sun Nov 30, 2008 7:56 pm

Author: dutchjobs

Posted: Sun Nov 30, 2008 7:56 pm

Dear reader,

In these times of economic and financial crisis, there are alway great opportunities for making a very good return on investment capital.

We are looking for serious members to expand our investment community within Eastern Europe and the rest of the world.

Want to know more?

Just send us an email if you would like to have more information or give us a call if you wish to make an appointment.
0032 497 545587

Kind regards,
Bodhi
independent Bridge member

"Eliminates your financial problems"

irpullwan — Wed Oct 10, 2007 2:34 pm

Author: irpullwan

Posted: Wed Oct 10, 2007 2:34 pm

“Eliminate your financial worries... Afford yourself the luxury of more time with your family, the freedom to be your own boss, make your own business decisions, create your own hours and best of all make all the money you’re capable of! But the best part of all; fire your boss and get out of the rat race! ...”

Dear friends,

I began building my future in mind. I thought of involving myself in an internet business. When I became frustrated and under appreciated at my job. I was fed up with the nonsense and political battles fought each day and knew there had to be a better way.

I could see that an internet home based business held huge potential, so I began researching and reading everything I could. In 2006 my research paid off, I quit my job and haven’t look back. Knowing that it would be short journey with hardship and that’s the price has to pay for my financial independence.

Before getting started, it’s important that you realize one thing. Anyone can make money with e-commerce but having a convince mindset and the belief in you, will help you make more than just money, you’ll have the ability to create a substantial income forever.

There’s a difference.

Those who realize the difference and aspire to become powerful C2C (customers to customers) business owners. There are no get rich quick schemes here and starting a C2C business for free simply won’t happen. Spending $25 might get you a sale or two but having invest a fewer hundred dollars to put into your business will get you there faster, help you avoid a lot of the frustrations and you’ll be on your way to create a lifelong income.

My goal is to offer only legitimate powerful business concept and share with you how to become successful.

If you really WANT to become successful, you're COMMITTED, PERSISTENT and willing to devote TIME, EFFORT and modest RESOURCES to get there, you WILL be successful.

Key Account Managers

hrdxb — Sat Jun 30, 2007 6:33 am

Author: hrdxb

Posted: Sat Jun 30, 2007 6:33 am

One of the world leading firms headquartered in Tokyo seeking candidates for the following poitions:

Key Account Managers with at least 1 year experiance in similer field
Sales Executive with at least 1 year experiance in similer field
Sales Coordinator with at least 1 year experiance in similer field
*Russian or German speaking is a plus for the above positions

Marketing & PR Manager with at least 1 year experiance in similer field

DOING BUSINESS IN UZBEKISTAN / UZBEKISTAN BUSINESS GUIDE

Uzbekistan Info — Thu May 10, 2007 4:58 am

Author: Uzbekistan Info

Posted: Thu May 10, 2007 4:58 am

DOING BUSINESS IN UZBEKISTAN

STARTING A BUSINESS

STANDARDIZED COMPANY
Legal Form: Société à Responsabilité Limitée (SARL) - Limited Liability Company
Minimum Capital Requirement: 470,000
City: Tashkent

Registration Requirements:

Procedure 1. Obtain a certificate on the company's name registration.

Time to complete: 3 days

Cost to complete: no charge

Comment: The certificate on the company's name registration is issued by the local statistical authority.

Procedure 2. Notarise the company's founding documents (2 copies of Charter, Article of Association) and lease agreement.

Time to complete: 1 day

Cost to complete: UZS 14100

Comment: Cost is about 40% of the minimum monthly wage. The notary must certify signatures on two sets of the original Charter and the original Founding Agreement. The cost is UZS 940 per signature; UZS 470 per page for notarising a copy of the document.

Procedure 3. Open a temporary bank account with a local bank and transfer 30% of each founder's contribution to the account; pay the registration fee.

Time to complete: 2 days

Cost to complete: no charge

Comment: To open a temporary account, the company needs to submit an application and copies of its founding documents (no notarisation is required) to a local bank. Prior to filing the documents with the local government (khokimiyat) for the company's state registration, each founder must transfer 30% of its contribution in cash to the company's temporary bank account. 20% of the established registration fee must be transferred to the account of the local authority, and 80% must be transferred to the Republican budget. Banking documents confirming that the registration fee has entered the relevant bank accounts must be obtained.

Procedure 4. Register with the local authority (khokimiyat) and obtain the Certificate of State Registration.

Time to complete: 19 days

Cost to complete: 5 times the minimum wages for registration fee

Comment: The following documents must be submitted to the relevant khokimiyat: a standard application form requesting the company's registration, two sets of notarised originals of the charter and the founding Agreement, a document evidencing the company's postal address, banking documents confirming that the registration fee has been deposited in the relevant accounts, a certificate on the company's name registration, three samples of the company's seal and corner stamp as approved at the company's first general meeting, and a banking document confirming that each of the founders has transferred 30% of its contribution. Upon in maximum the 30th day after submission of the relevant documents the khokimiyat must issue a certificate confirming the company's state registration, and must provide the company with the latter's founding documents where a stamp "Registered" and a state stamp must be affixed, and also with a permit to make a seal and a corner stamp.

To perform one-stop shop registration the khokimiyat shall:
(1) register the company with tax, social security and statistic authorities;
(2) obtain a permit to make a seal from local bodies for internal affairs;
(3) register the lease agreement with the local cadastre services;
(4) obtain permits for the company to use utilities;
(5) issue a certificate confirming the company's state registration;
(6) put a stamp "Registered" the state seal on company's original founding;
(7) deliver to the company all permits obtained for the company to start-up operations (mentioned above)

Upon the issuance of the certificate on company's official registration, the registering agency shall release to the company a set of original Charter and Foundation Agreement with a registration note on the title page, and all registration documents and permits made within the "one-stop shop" filings.

Time to complete is from 7 days to 1 month depending on how complicated the registration documents are. According to the Resolution # 357 dated 20 August 2003 the registration of a LLC shall be done within 7 working days; after 3 days of submission of an application for registration, the local khokimiyat should disclose any non-compliance, and then proceed further with one-stop registration process of the company.

Procedure 5. Make a company seal.

Time to complete: 1 day

Cost to complete: UZS 11000 to 18 000

Comment: The company's seal must be made by a specialised company that renders payable services for making seals.

Procedure 6. Notarise specimens of signatures of the company's general director and chief accountant, as well as a sample of the company's seal print.

Time to complete: 1 day

Cost to complete: UZS 940 per signature (10% of minimum monthly wage), assuming 10 signatures

Comment: To open a permanent bank account, three cards for specimens of signatures must be obtained from the bank and filled in by both the company's general director and the chief accountant in the presence of a notary. Signatures made on three completed cards and two samples of the company's seal print must be certified by the notary.

Procedure 7. Open a permanent bank account with a local bank.

Time to complete: 1 day

Cost to complete: no charge or up to 1 minimum monthly wage

Comment: To open any permanent bank account, the company must submit to the relevant bank an application specifying the company's address and the types of accounts to be opened, a copy of the certificate of registration, and the notarised specimens of signatures and the notarised samples of the company's seal print.

Procedure 8. Register for the social insurance.

Time to complete: 1 day

Cost to complete: no charge

FORMS OF BUSINESS ORGANISATION

1. Joint stock company
2. Limited liability company
3. Partnership

Branches are not widely used by foreign companies to conduct business in Uzbekistan.

Foreign companies that establish a local entity in the form of a joint venture or wholly owned subsidiary must be registered with the Ministry of Justice and the Ministry of Labour.

TAXATION

Corporate tax
Main rate: 12%

Resident companies are taxed on their worldwide income; non-resident companies are taxed only on income sourced in Uzbekistan. A company is resident if established or registered in Uzbekistan, or if the main enterprise is located in Uzbekistan.

Legal entities may opt to be subject to Unified Income Tax (if the legal entity is treated as a micro- or medium-sized enterprise under Uzbek law) at a rate of 12%. The flat tax rate is linked to revenue. The advantage of unified tax is that the legal entity is not required to pay other taxes such as infrastructure tax, property tax, land tax, VAT, Road Fund, etc.

Individual tax
Progressive rates to 29%

Residents are taxed on their worldwide income; non-residents are taxed only on income sourced in Uzbekistan. A person permanently residing in Uzbekistan or staying for 183 days in any 12-month period starting or ending in a particular fiscal year is considered a resident for tax purposes in that fiscal year. Individual income tax is charged at progressive rates from 13% to 29%.

Capital gains
Taxed as income

Capital gains are included in income.

Indirect tax
VAT standard rate: 20%

The 20% standard rate of value-added tax (VAT) applies to most transactions. Exports and certain agricultural inputs such as fertilisers, fuel and lubricants are zero-rated. Exemptions include financial services, public utilities, municipal passenger transport and public education services. Legal entities operating under the unified tax are not required to charge/offset VAT charges.

Tax administration and compliance
Tax year: Calendar year

Legal entities must file quarterly and annual tax returns and self-assess the tax due, which must be paid within five days after submitting the return. Employment income is taxed by withholding. Individuals with other sources of income must file a tax return by April 1st following the end of the tax year.

Additional tax information

Withholding taxes: Dividends and Interest 10%, Royalties 20%. The withholding tax rates may be reduced under the provisions of an applicable tax treaty.

Tax treaties: Uzbekistan has concluded more than 40 tax treaties.

Dividends: Dividends received by legal entities and individuals from domestic companies are subject to a 15% final withholding tax.

Revenue protection: There are transfer-pricing provisions but no CFC rules.

Groups: There is no provision for group taxation.

Incentives: Exports; manufacturing in certain regions of the country; certain industry-based incentives; investment amount, etc.

Other taxes: Customs and excise duties, Ecology tax, Infrastructure tax, Land tax, Property tax, Subsurface use tax, Unified social tax, Water use tax.

Financial Advisors services, Offshore Fund - Know More

admin — Mon Feb 05, 2007 4:42 am

Author: admin

Posted: Mon Feb 05, 2007 4:42 am

Financial Advisors services, Offshore Fund - Know More

Dear members & guests

Due to the continuous marketing approach of our expatriate community by multiple financial planners services company, Allo' Expat has decided to provided you with some usefull imformation on the Expat Offshore Banking issue. Hope you'll invest wisely..... in the future

Financial Advisors - who are they?

Q1 - How do I get the best offshore financial advice?

The best offshore financial advice is probably given by Independent Financial Advisors. Independent financial advisors (or IFA's, as they are sometimes called) advise their clients on savings, investments and pensions. They may also provide Savings Plans for offshore investing to their clients.

When counselling a client, the best offshore financial advisors should complete the following steps:

* Step 1 - collect detailed information about a client's financial circumstances and requirements ? be they for retirement planning, retirement income, expat investment, or another purpose.

* Step 2 - check all the offshore tax havens for the best offshore plans.

* Step 3 - provide impartial advice as to which plan(s) best meet their client's needs (in the form of a written report).

* Step 4 - arrange for a client to buy the chosen offshore plan(s) on the best terms available.

You may want to complete your own research to ensure you know the right questions to ask your advisor.

When all these stages are completed, you can be confident you have received the best offshore financial advice.

Q2 - What is a Certified Financial Advisor?

Financial advisors may need a license to practice, issued by the Financial Services Regulator in their Country. Only these advisors may be called 'Certified Financial Advisors'.

It may be a condition that prospective certified financial advisors show their Regulator that they are:

* competent to advise

* impartial in their advice

* independent of Providers

* covered by professional indemnity insurance.

So it is important to check that your financial advisor is listed under:

* Certified Financial Advisors, licensed to advise in the Country where you live and

* Independent Financial Advisors - advising on a wide range of offshore plans from a full list of providers.

Now you should feel confident you are receiving the best offshore financial advice.

Q3 - How are offshore financial advisors paid?

Independent financial advisors (IFA's) earn their living from commissions they receive from plan providers. This is their income for the offshore financial advice they give.

The commission that advisors (IFAs) receive from offshore financial advice cases may range from hundreds to thousands of dollars.

Good offshore financial advisors should not be influenced by the amount of commission they receive.

Some clients prefer to pay fees to their financial advisors for advice to ensure impartiality. When this occurs offshore financial advisors refund commission received from a plan provider either in cash or as an increased allocation of contributions invested.

Q4 -How do I find a list of Independent Financial Advisors (IFAs)?

Search the web! Try searching using the search words independent financial advisors or certified financial advisors PLUS the name of the Country in which you live.

Personal recommendations are always helpful - ask your friends if they would recommend their offshore financial advisors. Always check that a recommended advisor is both certified and independent.

Offshore Investing - What do that mean

Q1 - What is Offshore Investing or Offshore Investment?

When we talk about Offshore investing plan opportunities it is like the savings plans available in many countries, except these plans:

* Are registered in tax havens and are regulated by their Financial Services Authorities.

* Can be used for investing by non-residents of the tax havens.

* Are sometimes more tax efficient than or have other advantages over domestic savings plans.

Q2 - Why would expatriates choose offshore investing?

Expatriate investment in the savings plans catalogued here and offering offshore investing opprotunities might be appropriate when:

* No local or Home Country tax free regular savings plans are available.

* No local or Home Country tax free lump sum investment plans are available.

* An expatriate is planning to retire to a third country.

If you fit any of these categories of expatriates you should investigate the offshore plans researched by Offshore Boffin and consult your Financial Advisor.

Q3 - Are there other people who might benefit from Offshore Invesment?

Yes. People who are not living abroad might find offshore investment attractive in the following circumstances:

* They have more cash available for savings than can be invested tax free in their resident countries' investment plans (perhaps because the amount they can invest each year is capped).

* They may live in countries which do not have domestic tax free savings plans.

* They live in countries which are not suitable long-term investment environments for political or economic reasons.

* They wish to limit the effects of inheritance tac on their estates.

Q4 - Is there safe offshore investing?

The answer is that All investors should remember that the value of ALL their investments can go down as well as up!

Safe offshore investing is more likely by choosing plans:

* From politically stable tax havens - the quality of tax havens varies.

* From well-regulated tax havens - the tax havens whose savings plans are catalogued here all regulate their financial services companies to avoid 'fly-by-night' companies.

* From reputable investment management and life assurance companies - whilst past performance is not always a guide to the future, the companies whose savings plans are listed here are all well-known names.

* Investing in 'mutual' or 'collective' funds. these funds are based on a simple idea. If a large number of investors pool their savings in - for example - an equity fund, the larger fund can be invested in shares in many companies, spreading each individual's risk.

For expat investment - and others - to be successful the best offshore investment opportunities must be found. For that you'll need a good Financial Advisors.

FX Currency Trading / FX Forex Trading Online - Know More

admin — Mon Feb 05, 2007 4:40 am

Author: admin

Posted: Mon Feb 05, 2007 4:40 am

Forex Trading / FX Trading

Foreign Exchange
This short introduction explains the basics of trading Forex online, a brief explanation of the markets and the major benefits of trading Forex online. There are also two scenarios describing the implications of trading in a bear as well as bull market to better acquaint you with some of the risks and opportunities in the largest and most liquid market in the world.

As an additional aid for those who are new to Forex, there is also a glossary at the bottom of this text which explains some of the terms used in connection with currency trading.

Overview
Foreign exchange , forex or just Forex are all terms used to describe the trading of the world's many currencies. The forex market is the largest market in the world, with trades amounting to more than $1.5 trillion every day. This is more than one hundred times the daily trading on the NYSE (New York Stock Exchange) . Most forex trading is speculative , with only a few percent of market activity representing governments' and companies' fundamental currency conversion needs.

Unlike trading on the stock market, the forex market is not carried out by a central exchange, but on the "interbank" market , which is thought of as an OTC (over the counter ) market. Trading takes place directly between the two counterparts necessary to make a trade, whether over the telephone or on electronic networks all over the world. The main centres for trading are Sydney, Tokyo, London, Frankfurt and New York. This worldwide distribution of trading centres means that the forex market is a 24-hour market.

Trading Forex
A currency trade is the simultaneous buying of one currency and selling of another one. The currency combination used in the trade is called a cross (for example, the Euro/US Dollar, or the GB Pound/Japanese Yen.). The most commonly traded currencies are the so-called "majors" - EURUSD, USDJPY, USDCHF and GBPUSD.

The most important forex market is the spot market as it has the largest volume. The market is called the spot market because trades are settled "immediately" or on the spot. In practice this means within two banking days.

Trading on Margin
Trading on margin means that you can buy and sell assets that represent more value than the capital in your account. Forex trading is usually done with relatively little margin since currency exchange rate fluctuations tend to be less than one or two percent on any given day. To take an example, a margin of 2.0% means you can trade up to $500,000 even though you only have $10,000 in your account. In terms of leverage this corresponds to 50:1, because 50 times $10,000 is $500,000, or put another way, $10,000 is 2.0% of $500.000. Using this much leverage gives you the possibility to make profits very quickly, but there is also a greater risk of incurring large losses and even being completely wiped out. Therefore, it is inadvisable to maximise your leveraging as the risks can be very high. For more information on the trading conditions at Saxo Bank, go to the Account Summary on your Client Station and open the section entitled "Trading Conditions" found in the top right-hand corner of the Account Summary.

Why trade Forex?

24 hour trading
One of the major advantages of trading forex is the opportunity to trade 24 hours a day from Sunday evening (20:00 GMT) to Friday evening (22:00 GMT). This gives you a unique opportunity to react instantly to breaking news that is affecting the markets.
Superior liquidity
The forex market is so liquid that there are always buyers and sellers to trade with. The liquidity of this market, especially that of the major currencies, helps ensure price stability and low spreads . The liquidity comes mainly from large and smaller banks that provide liquidity to investors, companies, institutions and other currency market players.
No commissions
The fact that forex is often traded without commissions makes it very attractive as an investment opportunity for investors who want to deal on a frequent basis. Trading the "majors" is also cheaper than trading other crosss because of the high level of liquidity. For more information on the trading conditions at Saxo Bank, go to the Account Summary on your Client Station and open the section entitled "Trading Conditions" found in the top right-hand corner of the Account Summary.
50:1 Leverage
With a minimum account of USD 10,000, for example, you can trade up to USD 500,000. The USD 10,000 is posted on margin as a guarantee for the future performance of your position.
Profit potential in falling markets
Since the market is constantly moving, there are always trading opportunities, whether a currency is strengthening or weakening in relation to another currency. When you trade currencies, they literally work against each other. If the EURUSD declines, for example, it is because the U.S. dollar gets stronger against the Euro and vice versa. So, if you think the EURUSD will decline (that is, that the Euro will weaken versus the dollar), you would sell EUR now and then later you buy Euro back at a lower price and take your profits. The opposite trading scenario would occur if the EURUSD appreciates .

Important Forex Trading Terms

Spread
The spread is the difference between the price that you can sell currency at ( Bid ) and the price you can buy currency at ( Ask ). The spread on majors is usually 5 pips under normal market conditions. For more information on the trading conditions at Saxo Bank, go to the Account Summary on your Client Station and open the section entitled "Trading Conditions" found in the top right-hand corner of the Account Summary.
Pips
A pip is the smallest unit by which a cross price quote changes. When trading forex you will often hear that there is a 5-pip spread when you trade the majors. This spread is revealed when you compare the bid and the ask price, for example EURUSD is quoted at a bid price of 0.9875 and an ask price of 0.9880. The difference is USD 0.0005, which is equal to 5 "pips". On a contract or position, the value of a pip can easily be calculated. You know that the EURUSD is quoted with four decimals, so all you have to do is the cancel-out the four zeros on the amount you trade and you will have one pip. Thus, on a EURUSD 100,000 contract, one pip is USD 10. On a USDJPY 100,000 contract, one pip is equal to 1000 yen, because USDJPY is quoted with only two decimals.

Trading Scenario - Trading Rising Prices
If you believe that the Euro will strengthen against the dollar you'll want to buy Euro now and sell it back later at a higher price.

You buy Euro	We quote EURUSD at Bid 0.9875 and Ask 0.9880, which means that you can sell 1 Euro for 0.9875 USD or buy 1 Euro for 0.9880 USD. In this example you buy Euro 100,000, at the quote price of 0.9880 (ask price) per Euro.
The market turns	Later the market turns in favour of the Euro and the EURUSD is now quoted at Bid 0.9894 and Ask 0.9899.
Now you want to sell your Euro and get the profit	You sell Euro at a Bid price of 0.9894.
The profit is calculated as follows:	Sell price-buy price x size of trade (0.9894 minus 0.9880) multiplied by 100.000 = $140 Profit (Note that the profit or loss is always expressed in the secondary currency )

Trading Scenario - Trading Falling Prices
If, on the other hand, you believe that the Euro will weaken against the dollar, you'll want to sell EURUSD.

You sell Euro	We quote EURUSD at a Bid price of 0.9875 and Ask price of 0.9880 and you decide to sellEuro 100,000 at a Bid price of 0.9875.
The market moves in your favour	The Euro weakens against the dollar and the EURUSD is now quoted at bid 0.9744 and ask 0.9749.
Now you buy back your Euro	You buy EUR at an ask price of 0.9749.
Your Profit/loss is then	Sell price-buy price x size of trade (0.9875 minus 0.9749) multiplied by 100.000 = $ 1260 Profit

Remember that trading EUR 100,000 as we have done in our examples, does not mean that you have to put up Euro 100,000 yourself. It means that you have to deposit 2.0% of Euro 100,000, which is Euro 2,000 on margin as a guarantee for the future performance of your position.

Further Reading
To see how you can trade the forex market and benefit from our toolbox of information and live quotes, please proceed to our Forex Quick Start found under the Trading menu on the toolbar, under Forex.

Glossary

Appreciation	Anincrease in the value of a currency.
Ask	Theprice at which you can buy. Traders also speak of an ask price,the price requested. This usually indicates the lowest price aseller will accept.
Basecurrency	Thecurrency that the investor buys or sells (i.e. EUR in EURUSD).
Bear	Someonewho believes prices are heading down. A bear market is one inwhich there is a sustained fall in prices and which does not looklike it will recover quickly.
Bid	Theprice at which you can sell. Traders also speak of a bid price,the price offered. This usually indicates the top price apurchaser will pay.
Bid/Ask	TheBid rate is the rate at which you sell. The Ask (or offer) rate isthe rate at which you can buy.
Bull	Someonewho is optimistic about the market. A bull market is characterisedby enthusiastic and sustained buying.
cross	Whentrading currencies, the investor buys one currency againstanother. These two currencies form the cross: for example, EURUSD.
Crossrate	Anexchange rate that is calculated from two other exchange rates.
Depreciation/decline	Afall in the value of a currency.
Exchangerate	Whatone currency is worth in terms of another, for example the $Amight be worth 58 US cents or 70 yen. Currencies traded freely onforeign-exchange markets have a spot rate (applying to tradessettled 'spot', ie, two working days hence) and a forward rate.Countries can determine their exchange rates in a variety of ways:a floating exchange rate system where the currency finds its ownlevel in the market; a crawling or flexible peg system which is acombination of an officially fixed rate and frequent smalladjustments which in theory work against a build-up of speculationabout a revaluation or devaluation; a fixed exchange-rate systemwhere the value of the currency is set by the government and/orthe central bank.
EURUSD	Meansthat you trade EUR against dollars. If you buy Euro you pay indollars and if you sell Euro you receive dollars.
FX,Forex, Foreign Exchange	Allnames for the transaction of one currency for another, e.g. youbuy �100.00 with $150.25 or sell $150.25 for �100.00.
Interbank	Short-term(often overnight) borrowing and lending between banks, as distinctfrom banks' business with their corporate clients or otherfinancial institutions.
Interestrate differential	Theyield spread between two otherwise comparable debt instrumentsdenominated in different currencies.
Leverage(gearing)	Inthis case leverage means that the investor only funds part of theamount traded.
Long	Tobuy.
Longposition	Aposition that increases its value if market prices increase.
Liquid(-ity)	Thecapacity to be converted easily and with minimum loss into cash.Ultra-short-dated treasury notes are an example of a liquidinvestment. A liquid market is one in which there is enoughactivity to satisfy both buyers and sellers.
Margin	Theinitial amount or deposit required when entering into a position.Margin is a guarantee for future performance.
NYSE	Acomputerised system providing brokers with the prices of sharesand securities traded on the New York stock exchange and over thecounter. The quotes are published in real-time.
Openposition	Aposition in a currency that has not yet been offset. For example,if you have bought 100,000 USDJPY, you have an open position inUSDJPY until you offset it by selling 100,000 USDJPY.
"Overthe counter"	Whentrading takes place directly between two parties, rather than onan exchange.
Pips	Apip is the smallest unit by which a cross price quote changes. Soif EURUSD bid is now quoted at 0.9767 and it moves up 2 pips, itwill now be quoted at 0.9769.
Position	Money-market,futures, foreign-exchange and sharemarket traders talk of 'takinga position' which simply means buying or selling one currencycross. 'Position' can also refer to a trader'scash/securities/currencies balance, whether he or she is short ofcash, has money to lend, is overbought or oversold in a currency,etc.
Risk	Tryingto control outcomes to a known or predictable range of gains orlosses. Risk management involves a set of steps which begin with asound understanding of one's business and the exposures or risksthat have to be covered to protect the value of that business.Then an assessment should be made of the types of variables thatcan affect the business and how best to protect against unwelcomeoutcomes. Consideration must also be given to the preferred riskprofile - whether one is risk- averse or fairly aggressive inapproach. This also involves deciding which instruments to use tomanage risk, and whether a natural hedge exists that can be used.Once undertaken, a risk-management strategy should be continuallyassessed for effectiveness and cost.
Secondarycurrency (variable currency or counter currency)	Thecurrency that the investor trades the base currency against (i.e.USD in EURUSD).
Shortposition	Aposition that benefits from a decline in market prices.
Short	Tosell.
Speculative	Buyingand selling in the hope of making a profit, rather than doing sofor some fundamental business-related need.
Spot	ASpot rate is the current market price of an asset.
Spotmarket	Thepart of the market calling for spot settlement of transactions.The precise meaning of 'spot' will depend on local custom for acommodity, security or currency. In the UK, US and Australianforeign-exchange markets, 'spot' means delivery two working dayshence.
Spread	Thedifference between the bid and the ask rate.

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