Expatriates Forums in Slovenia

Need help!

JoonJCBush — Sun Oct 25, 2009 11:23 pm

Author: JoonJCBush

Posted: Sun Oct 25, 2009 11:23 pm

Hello, I don`t know am I in right forum but please help!
I would like to know where I can access to other State University library?
Pleas reply at my account see at profile!!!

Need help!

JoonJCBush — Sun Oct 25, 2009 6:44 am

Author: JoonJCBush

Posted: Sun Oct 25, 2009 6:44 am

Hello, I don`t know am I in right forum but please help!
I would like to know where I can access to other State University library?
Pleas reply at my account see at profile!!!

Need help!

JoonJCBush — Fri Oct 23, 2009 3:04 am

Author: JoonJCBush

Posted: Fri Oct 23, 2009 3:04 am

Hello, I don`t know am I in right forum but please help!
I would like to know where I can access to other State University library?
Pleas reply at my account see at profile!!!

Company formation, Branch Office registration Slovenia

david.expa — Fri Jan 02, 2009 10:29 am

Author: david.expa

Posted: Fri Jan 02, 2009 10:29 am

Slovenian expat % relocation company Magnif Ltd. provides clients with support in the field of company registration and submission of necessary documents. Company coordinates the process, assists in the completion of forms and organizes deliveries to the relevant authorities.

Plus support when searching for first office premises, selecting the proper real estate agency and when negotiating tooks place.

For their website just enter magnif ltd. slovenia

join our unique investment club

dutchjobs — Sun Nov 30, 2008 7:52 pm

Author: dutchjobs

Posted: Sun Nov 30, 2008 7:52 pm

Dear reader,

In these times of economic and financial crisis, there are alway great opportunities for making a very good return on investment capital.

We are looking for serious members to expand our investment community within Eastern Europe and the rest of the world.

Want to know more?

Just send us an email if you would like to have more information or give us a call if you wish to make an appointment.
0032 497 545587

Kind regards,
Bodhi
independent Bridge member

Quality Publisher seeks book reps

salmaccarrer — Mon Nov 12, 2007 11:00 am

Author: salmaccarrer

Posted: Mon Nov 12, 2007 11:00 am

Looking for a flexible job?
Sell USBORNE children’s books!
Sell to Schools,Pre-schools, or any other organisation with an interest in English books!Finally a job that can move with you!
throughout Europe, UK and BFPO’s
Ideal for mums with kids, or anyone with a love of books and children.
Let the job fit into your schedule!

WORK IN SLOVENIA / SLOVENIA EMPLOYMENT GUIDE

Slovenia Info — Wed May 16, 2007 4:29 am

Author: Slovenia Info

Posted: Wed May 16, 2007 4:29 am

WORK IN SLOVENIA

In March 2006, 57.3% of the labour market was in services, 37.9% in industry and 4.7% in agriculture (Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia).

In the services sector, the most sought-after workers are those in:

* retail, car repair and the mass production of goods;
* education;
* real estate, leasing and business services.

The main manufacturing sectors are:

* electronics and electrics;
* metal processing, including metalworking, machine building and car component manufacture and assembly;
* chemicals and pharmaceuticals.

Tourism and transport are also major employers, the former being the most important source of foreign currency.

In May 2006, 9.6% of the working population of Slovenia was unemployed (Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia). This is lower than Slovenia’s Central European neighbours such as Poland, Slovakia and the Czech Republic. It is also lower than some mature western economies, such as Germany, France and Italy.

Jobs are available to foreigners, but there are restrictions for some. Apart from seasonal work, English-speaking nationals are most likely to find work teaching English as a foreign language.

Learning Slovene before you leave is another option and enhances your chance of finding work in Slovenia.

DOING BUSINESS IN SLOVENIA / SLOVENIA BUSINESS GUIDE

Slovenia Info — Tue May 15, 2007 10:18 am

Author: Slovenia Info

Posted: Tue May 15, 2007 10:18 am

DOING BUSINESS IN SLOVENIA

STARTING A BUSINESS

STANDARDIZED COMPANY
Legal Form: Private Limited Liability Company
Minimum Capital Requirement: 2,100,000
City: Ljubljana

Registration Requirements:

Procedure 1. Notarise company deeds

Time to complete: 1 day

Cost to complete: SIT 142.560 + SIT 3.960 per signature.

Comment: In case of single shareholder LLC, additional fee of 13.200 SIT for issue of special form - Book of decision of the single shareholder is charged. The price of notary's services is calculated according to the Notary's tariff which was amended on October 10, 2005. According to the new Notary tariff the cost for drawing up a notarial company deed amounts SIT 142.560 + SIT 3.960 per signature.

Fees vary in accordance with number of managing directors, share capital and in case of single shareholder LLC.

Procedure 2. Deposit capital in a bank account and get a receipt from the bank and pay court fees in a commercial bank

Time to complete: 1 day

Cost to complete: no charge

Comment: At least 1/3 of the share capital should be provided in cash. All distributions in kind must be handed over to the appointed representative prior to the application for registration in the court register. At least ¼ of the share capital of each shareholder (but no less than 1,100,000 SIT), provided for in cash, must be paid in advance by the founders at the account provided by the commercial bank in Slovenia (some exceptions to this requirement exist). If there is only 1 founder, all the share capital or a form of a guarantee should be provided prior to the application for registration.

Procedure 3. Apply for court registration; Publish the company information in the official gazette

Time to complete: 35 days

Cost to complete: SIT 28,500 if one founder, SIT 47,500 if 2-10 founders, SIT 66,500 if more than 10 founders + publication fee (ca. SIT 60.000,00)

Comment: The Court automatically publishes the company details in the Uradni list Republike Slovenije (Official Gazette). Costs per character for publishing in the OG RS are 10 SIT. The procedure takes from 14 to 60 days.

Procedure 4. Buy a company rubber stamp

Time to complete: 1 day

Cost to complete: SIT 4,000-6,000

Procedure 5. Notify Statistical Office (AJPES) and get an activity number

Time to complete: 7 days

Cost to complete: no charge

Comment: AJPES automatically notify the Chamber of Industry and Commerce of the newly established company.

In the year the company has been established, no annual fee is charged. The following years the annual fee is 0,24% of the sum of amortisation and gross salaries of the company (min. 3000 SIT), calculated on the basis of the annual report.

Procedure 6. Apply for tax registration at local tax authority

Time to complete: 8 days, 15 days for VAT

Cost to complete: no charge

Comment: A company must register to pay taxes within 8 days after registering with the Court of Justice. Registration involves completion of Form DR-04, which requires: the tax number of taxpayers, name and address of the company, location of business premises, information of company founder(s), data on capital investments, the ID number of the company assigned by the Office of Statistics, etc. The certificate on the tax number is issued in 8 days after filling the application for tax registration. The company can start issuing invoices after the receipt of the tax number. Company has to register for the VAT purposes by filing a separate application on the Form DDV-P2.

Procedure 7*. Notify Employment Office

Time to complete: 11 days (simultaneous with procedure 6)

Comment: The company has to notify the local Employment Office about planned employment. Employment Office provides public announcement. 8 days after the announcement can the company sign the employment contracts and notify the Employment Office about the chosen candidates.

Procedure 8*. Register with the Pension Fund

Time to complete: 1 day (simultaneous with procedure 6)

Cost to complete: no charge

Comment: The company will receive a social insurance number and an account to which monthly contributions must be transferred. Every new employee must be announced to the Fund.

Procedure 9*. Register employees at Health Insurance Institute

Time to complete: 1 day (simultaneous with procedure 6)

Cost to complete: no charge

Comment: The company has to register its employees at Health Insurance Institute.

Note: Procedures sometimes take place simultaneously. Instances of this are marked with an asterisk (*).

FORMS OF BUSINESS ORGANISATION

1. Limited liability companies
2. Joint stock companies

The limited liability company (d.o.o.) and the joint stock company (d.d.) are the most frequently used forms of corporate organisation in Slovenia. The minimum founding capital for a limited liability company is €7,500, and the maximum number of shareholders is 50 (more than 50 is possible with the special permission of the Ministry of the Economy). The minimum founding capital for a joint stock company is €25,000 and the company can be established by one or more shareholders who adopt the articles of association.

The capital, Ljubljana, is the country’s financial centre.

TAXATION

Corporate tax
Main rate: 23%

Resident companies are taxed on worldwide income; non-resident companies are taxed only on Slovenian-source income. Companies that have their head office or place of effective management in Slovenia are resident for tax purposes. Tax is charged at a flat rate of 23% (in 2007, to be reduced to 22% in 2008, 21% in 2009 and 20% for subsequent years). This rate is reduced to 10% for companies operating in a special economic zone. Dividends received are exempt from tax. An ordinary credit is granted to eliminate double taxation of dividends where dividends received from a foreign subsidiary are not exempt. The credit method also applies to eliminate the double taxation of foreign income. Partnerships, which are treated as separate taxable persons for tax purposes, are subject to corporate income tax.

Individual tax
Progressive rates up to 41%

Personal income tax applies to the income of individuals. There are six categories of income: income from employment, business income, income from agriculture, income from capital (dividends, interest and capital gains), property income (royalties and rental income) and other income. Dividends, interest and capital gains are taxed at a flat rate. The tax rate for dividends is 20% and for interest income 15% (20% after 2007).

Income tax on the other categories of income (known as “active income”) is paid during the tax year in the form of advance tax payments. Advance tax payments are determined according to special tax rate schedules or flat tax rates.

There are three tax brackets in the annual tax schedule for active income. The progressive tax rates are: 16%, 27% and 41%. Advance tax payments paid during the tax period are deductible from the final tax liability, and any difference is collected on receipt of an assessment from the tax authorities. When the total sum of advance payments exceeds the tax payable, a refund is available.

Capital gains
Taxed at the same rate as other income

Fifty per cent of capital gains derived by companies from the sale of shares in another company is exempt from corporate income tax if the seller has held more than 8% of the subsidiary for at least six months. If the seller terminates its operation before the expiration of ten years from the year of its establishment, the capital gains that were exempt from taxation for the last five years will be added to the taxable base in the last corporate income tax return submitted to the tax authorities for the last year of operation. Conversely, 50% of capital losses are deductible for corporate income tax purposes.

For individuals, the tax rate on capital gains depends on the length of time the property has been held: a 20% rate applies where the property is held for up to five years; the rate is 15% if the property is held from five to ten years, 10% if held from 10 to 15 years, 5% if held from 15 to 20 years; and 0% if the property is held for more than 20 years. This tax is treated as a final tax for both residents and non-residents. These rules apply to gains from the sale of shares and gains from real property.

Indirect tax
VAT standard rate: 20% ; Lower rate: 8.5%

Value-added tax (VAT) applies to most transactions at the standard rate of 20%. A lower rate of 8.5% applies to food, agricultural goods and pharmaceutical products. Exemptions include banking, financial and insurance services, and exports. A reverse charge applies to certain supplies of services by non-residents.

Registration is compulsory for businesses with annual turnover above €25,000.

Tax administration and compliance
Tax year: Corporations: calendar or business year; Individuals: calendar year

Companies make monthly advance tax payments, based on the most recent assessment. A self-assessment tax return is due three months after the end of the tax year (for the calendar year by March 31st), and the final payment of tax is due within 30 days of the due date for submitting the return.

Tax is withheld at source from employment and professional income of individuals. Residents who are required to report must provide information to the tax authorities related to the previous year by January 31st. For individuals, the tax authority will complete the tax returns for the previous year based on the reported data. Reviewed and corrected tax returns must be returned to the authorities by April 30th. This process was new for 2006 and will undergo modification in 2007 whereby the tax authorities will fill in the data on the individual’s return, with the individual then having an opportunity to file an appeal against the resulting tax liability.

Additional tax information

Withholding taxes: Dividends, Interest and Royalties 15%. Rates may be reduced by tax treaties or EU directives.

Tax treaties: Slovenia has signed 40 tax treaties.

Dividends: Intercompany dividends are exempt; the credit method is used to prevent double taxation of dividends.

Revenue protection: Slovenia has transfer-pricing and thin-capitalisation legislation.

Groups: Consolidation is not allowed.

Incentives: Investment in fixed assets; special economic zones; research and development; new employments; employment of handicapped workers.

Other taxes: Customs and excise duties, Inheritance and gift tax, Property tax, Defined receipts tax, Tax on gambling and lottery winnings, Transfer tax on immovable property, Motor vehicle tax, Insurance services tax.

Financial Advisors services, Offshore Fund - Know More

admin — Mon Feb 05, 2007 4:42 am

Author: admin

Posted: Mon Feb 05, 2007 4:42 am

Financial Advisors services, Offshore Fund - Know More

Dear members & guests

Due to the continuous marketing approach of our expatriate community by multiple financial planners services company, Allo' Expat has decided to provided you with some usefull imformation on the Expat Offshore Banking issue. Hope you'll invest wisely..... in the future

Financial Advisors - who are they?

Q1 - How do I get the best offshore financial advice?

The best offshore financial advice is probably given by Independent Financial Advisors. Independent financial advisors (or IFA's, as they are sometimes called) advise their clients on savings, investments and pensions. They may also provide Savings Plans for offshore investing to their clients.

When counselling a client, the best offshore financial advisors should complete the following steps:

* Step 1 - collect detailed information about a client's financial circumstances and requirements ? be they for retirement planning, retirement income, expat investment, or another purpose.

* Step 2 - check all the offshore tax havens for the best offshore plans.

* Step 3 - provide impartial advice as to which plan(s) best meet their client's needs (in the form of a written report).

* Step 4 - arrange for a client to buy the chosen offshore plan(s) on the best terms available.

You may want to complete your own research to ensure you know the right questions to ask your advisor.

When all these stages are completed, you can be confident you have received the best offshore financial advice.

Q2 - What is a Certified Financial Advisor?

Financial advisors may need a license to practice, issued by the Financial Services Regulator in their Country. Only these advisors may be called 'Certified Financial Advisors'.

It may be a condition that prospective certified financial advisors show their Regulator that they are:

* competent to advise

* impartial in their advice

* independent of Providers

* covered by professional indemnity insurance.

So it is important to check that your financial advisor is listed under:

* Certified Financial Advisors, licensed to advise in the Country where you live and

* Independent Financial Advisors - advising on a wide range of offshore plans from a full list of providers.

Now you should feel confident you are receiving the best offshore financial advice.

Q3 - How are offshore financial advisors paid?

Independent financial advisors (IFA's) earn their living from commissions they receive from plan providers. This is their income for the offshore financial advice they give.

The commission that advisors (IFAs) receive from offshore financial advice cases may range from hundreds to thousands of dollars.

Good offshore financial advisors should not be influenced by the amount of commission they receive.

Some clients prefer to pay fees to their financial advisors for advice to ensure impartiality. When this occurs offshore financial advisors refund commission received from a plan provider either in cash or as an increased allocation of contributions invested.

Q4 -How do I find a list of Independent Financial Advisors (IFAs)?

Search the web! Try searching using the search words independent financial advisors or certified financial advisors PLUS the name of the Country in which you live.

Personal recommendations are always helpful - ask your friends if they would recommend their offshore financial advisors. Always check that a recommended advisor is both certified and independent.

Offshore Investing - What do that mean

Q1 - What is Offshore Investing or Offshore Investment?

When we talk about Offshore investing plan opportunities it is like the savings plans available in many countries, except these plans:

* Are registered in tax havens and are regulated by their Financial Services Authorities.

* Can be used for investing by non-residents of the tax havens.

* Are sometimes more tax efficient than or have other advantages over domestic savings plans.

Q2 - Why would expatriates choose offshore investing?

Expatriate investment in the savings plans catalogued here and offering offshore investing opprotunities might be appropriate when:

* No local or Home Country tax free regular savings plans are available.

* No local or Home Country tax free lump sum investment plans are available.

* An expatriate is planning to retire to a third country.

If you fit any of these categories of expatriates you should investigate the offshore plans researched by Offshore Boffin and consult your Financial Advisor.

Q3 - Are there other people who might benefit from Offshore Invesment?

Yes. People who are not living abroad might find offshore investment attractive in the following circumstances:

* They have more cash available for savings than can be invested tax free in their resident countries' investment plans (perhaps because the amount they can invest each year is capped).

* They may live in countries which do not have domestic tax free savings plans.

* They live in countries which are not suitable long-term investment environments for political or economic reasons.

* They wish to limit the effects of inheritance tac on their estates.

Q4 - Is there safe offshore investing?

The answer is that All investors should remember that the value of ALL their investments can go down as well as up!

Safe offshore investing is more likely by choosing plans:

* From politically stable tax havens - the quality of tax havens varies.

* From well-regulated tax havens - the tax havens whose savings plans are catalogued here all regulate their financial services companies to avoid 'fly-by-night' companies.

* From reputable investment management and life assurance companies - whilst past performance is not always a guide to the future, the companies whose savings plans are listed here are all well-known names.

* Investing in 'mutual' or 'collective' funds. these funds are based on a simple idea. If a large number of investors pool their savings in - for example - an equity fund, the larger fund can be invested in shares in many companies, spreading each individual's risk.

For expat investment - and others - to be successful the best offshore investment opportunities must be found. For that you'll need a good Financial Advisors.

FX Currency Trading / FX Forex Trading Online - Know More

admin — Mon Feb 05, 2007 4:40 am

Author: admin

Posted: Mon Feb 05, 2007 4:40 am

Forex Trading / FX Trading

Foreign Exchange
This short introduction explains the basics of trading Forex online, a brief explanation of the markets and the major benefits of trading Forex online. There are also two scenarios describing the implications of trading in a bear as well as bull market to better acquaint you with some of the risks and opportunities in the largest and most liquid market in the world.

As an additional aid for those who are new to Forex, there is also a glossary at the bottom of this text which explains some of the terms used in connection with currency trading.

Overview
Foreign exchange , forex or just Forex are all terms used to describe the trading of the world's many currencies. The forex market is the largest market in the world, with trades amounting to more than $1.5 trillion every day. This is more than one hundred times the daily trading on the NYSE (New York Stock Exchange) . Most forex trading is speculative , with only a few percent of market activity representing governments' and companies' fundamental currency conversion needs.

Unlike trading on the stock market, the forex market is not carried out by a central exchange, but on the "interbank" market , which is thought of as an OTC (over the counter ) market. Trading takes place directly between the two counterparts necessary to make a trade, whether over the telephone or on electronic networks all over the world. The main centres for trading are Sydney, Tokyo, London, Frankfurt and New York. This worldwide distribution of trading centres means that the forex market is a 24-hour market.

Trading Forex
A currency trade is the simultaneous buying of one currency and selling of another one. The currency combination used in the trade is called a cross (for example, the Euro/US Dollar, or the GB Pound/Japanese Yen.). The most commonly traded currencies are the so-called "majors" - EURUSD, USDJPY, USDCHF and GBPUSD.

The most important forex market is the spot market as it has the largest volume. The market is called the spot market because trades are settled "immediately" or on the spot. In practice this means within two banking days.

Trading on Margin
Trading on margin means that you can buy and sell assets that represent more value than the capital in your account. Forex trading is usually done with relatively little margin since currency exchange rate fluctuations tend to be less than one or two percent on any given day. To take an example, a margin of 2.0% means you can trade up to $500,000 even though you only have $10,000 in your account. In terms of leverage this corresponds to 50:1, because 50 times $10,000 is $500,000, or put another way, $10,000 is 2.0% of $500.000. Using this much leverage gives you the possibility to make profits very quickly, but there is also a greater risk of incurring large losses and even being completely wiped out. Therefore, it is inadvisable to maximise your leveraging as the risks can be very high. For more information on the trading conditions at Saxo Bank, go to the Account Summary on your Client Station and open the section entitled "Trading Conditions" found in the top right-hand corner of the Account Summary.

Why trade Forex?

24 hour trading
One of the major advantages of trading forex is the opportunity to trade 24 hours a day from Sunday evening (20:00 GMT) to Friday evening (22:00 GMT). This gives you a unique opportunity to react instantly to breaking news that is affecting the markets.
Superior liquidity
The forex market is so liquid that there are always buyers and sellers to trade with. The liquidity of this market, especially that of the major currencies, helps ensure price stability and low spreads . The liquidity comes mainly from large and smaller banks that provide liquidity to investors, companies, institutions and other currency market players.
No commissions
The fact that forex is often traded without commissions makes it very attractive as an investment opportunity for investors who want to deal on a frequent basis. Trading the "majors" is also cheaper than trading other crosss because of the high level of liquidity. For more information on the trading conditions at Saxo Bank, go to the Account Summary on your Client Station and open the section entitled "Trading Conditions" found in the top right-hand corner of the Account Summary.
50:1 Leverage
With a minimum account of USD 10,000, for example, you can trade up to USD 500,000. The USD 10,000 is posted on margin as a guarantee for the future performance of your position.
Profit potential in falling markets
Since the market is constantly moving, there are always trading opportunities, whether a currency is strengthening or weakening in relation to another currency. When you trade currencies, they literally work against each other. If the EURUSD declines, for example, it is because the U.S. dollar gets stronger against the Euro and vice versa. So, if you think the EURUSD will decline (that is, that the Euro will weaken versus the dollar), you would sell EUR now and then later you buy Euro back at a lower price and take your profits. The opposite trading scenario would occur if the EURUSD appreciates .

Important Forex Trading Terms

Spread
The spread is the difference between the price that you can sell currency at ( Bid ) and the price you can buy currency at ( Ask ). The spread on majors is usually 5 pips under normal market conditions. For more information on the trading conditions at Saxo Bank, go to the Account Summary on your Client Station and open the section entitled "Trading Conditions" found in the top right-hand corner of the Account Summary.
Pips
A pip is the smallest unit by which a cross price quote changes. When trading forex you will often hear that there is a 5-pip spread when you trade the majors. This spread is revealed when you compare the bid and the ask price, for example EURUSD is quoted at a bid price of 0.9875 and an ask price of 0.9880. The difference is USD 0.0005, which is equal to 5 "pips". On a contract or position, the value of a pip can easily be calculated. You know that the EURUSD is quoted with four decimals, so all you have to do is the cancel-out the four zeros on the amount you trade and you will have one pip. Thus, on a EURUSD 100,000 contract, one pip is USD 10. On a USDJPY 100,000 contract, one pip is equal to 1000 yen, because USDJPY is quoted with only two decimals.

Trading Scenario - Trading Rising Prices
If you believe that the Euro will strengthen against the dollar you'll want to buy Euro now and sell it back later at a higher price.

You buy Euro	We quote EURUSD at Bid 0.9875 and Ask 0.9880, which means that you can sell 1 Euro for 0.9875 USD or buy 1 Euro for 0.9880 USD. In this example you buy Euro 100,000, at the quote price of 0.9880 (ask price) per Euro.
The market turns	Later the market turns in favour of the Euro and the EURUSD is now quoted at Bid 0.9894 and Ask 0.9899.
Now you want to sell your Euro and get the profit	You sell Euro at a Bid price of 0.9894.
The profit is calculated as follows:	Sell price-buy price x size of trade (0.9894 minus 0.9880) multiplied by 100.000 = $140 Profit (Note that the profit or loss is always expressed in the secondary currency )

Trading Scenario - Trading Falling Prices
If, on the other hand, you believe that the Euro will weaken against the dollar, you'll want to sell EURUSD.

You sell Euro	We quote EURUSD at a Bid price of 0.9875 and Ask price of 0.9880 and you decide to sellEuro 100,000 at a Bid price of 0.9875.
The market moves in your favour	The Euro weakens against the dollar and the EURUSD is now quoted at bid 0.9744 and ask 0.9749.
Now you buy back your Euro	You buy EUR at an ask price of 0.9749.
Your Profit/loss is then	Sell price-buy price x size of trade (0.9875 minus 0.9749) multiplied by 100.000 = $ 1260 Profit

Remember that trading EUR 100,000 as we have done in our examples, does not mean that you have to put up Euro 100,000 yourself. It means that you have to deposit 2.0% of Euro 100,000, which is Euro 2,000 on margin as a guarantee for the future performance of your position.

Further Reading
To see how you can trade the forex market and benefit from our toolbox of information and live quotes, please proceed to our Forex Quick Start found under the Trading menu on the toolbar, under Forex.

Glossary

Appreciation	Anincrease in the value of a currency.
Ask	Theprice at which you can buy. Traders also speak of an ask price,the price requested. This usually indicates the lowest price aseller will accept.
Basecurrency	Thecurrency that the investor buys or sells (i.e. EUR in EURUSD).
Bear	Someonewho believes prices are heading down. A bear market is one inwhich there is a sustained fall in prices and which does not looklike it will recover quickly.
Bid	Theprice at which you can sell. Traders also speak of a bid price,the price offered. This usually indicates the top price apurchaser will pay.
Bid/Ask	TheBid rate is the rate at which you sell. The Ask (or offer) rate isthe rate at which you can buy.
Bull	Someonewho is optimistic about the market. A bull market is characterisedby enthusiastic and sustained buying.
cross	Whentrading currencies, the investor buys one currency againstanother. These two currencies form the cross: for example, EURUSD.
Crossrate	Anexchange rate that is calculated from two other exchange rates.
Depreciation/decline	Afall in the value of a currency.
Exchangerate	Whatone currency is worth in terms of another, for example the $Amight be worth 58 US cents or 70 yen. Currencies traded freely onforeign-exchange markets have a spot rate (applying to tradessettled 'spot', ie, two working days hence) and a forward rate.Countries can determine their exchange rates in a variety of ways:a floating exchange rate system where the currency finds its ownlevel in the market; a crawling or flexible peg system which is acombination of an officially fixed rate and frequent smalladjustments which in theory work against a build-up of speculationabout a revaluation or devaluation; a fixed exchange-rate systemwhere the value of the currency is set by the government and/orthe central bank.
EURUSD	Meansthat you trade EUR against dollars. If you buy Euro you pay indollars and if you sell Euro you receive dollars.
FX,Forex, Foreign Exchange	Allnames for the transaction of one currency for another, e.g. youbuy �100.00 with $150.25 or sell $150.25 for �100.00.
Interbank	Short-term(often overnight) borrowing and lending between banks, as distinctfrom banks' business with their corporate clients or otherfinancial institutions.
Interestrate differential	Theyield spread between two otherwise comparable debt instrumentsdenominated in different currencies.
Leverage(gearing)	Inthis case leverage means that the investor only funds part of theamount traded.
Long	Tobuy.
Longposition	Aposition that increases its value if market prices increase.
Liquid(-ity)	Thecapacity to be converted easily and with minimum loss into cash.Ultra-short-dated treasury notes are an example of a liquidinvestment. A liquid market is one in which there is enoughactivity to satisfy both buyers and sellers.
Margin	Theinitial amount or deposit required when entering into a position.Margin is a guarantee for future performance.
NYSE	Acomputerised system providing brokers with the prices of sharesand securities traded on the New York stock exchange and over thecounter. The quotes are published in real-time.
Openposition	Aposition in a currency that has not yet been offset. For example,if you have bought 100,000 USDJPY, you have an open position inUSDJPY until you offset it by selling 100,000 USDJPY.
"Overthe counter"	Whentrading takes place directly between two parties, rather than onan exchange.
Pips	Apip is the smallest unit by which a cross price quote changes. Soif EURUSD bid is now quoted at 0.9767 and it moves up 2 pips, itwill now be quoted at 0.9769.
Position	Money-market,futures, foreign-exchange and sharemarket traders talk of 'takinga position' which simply means buying or selling one currencycross. 'Position' can also refer to a trader'scash/securities/currencies balance, whether he or she is short ofcash, has money to lend, is overbought or oversold in a currency,etc.
Risk	Tryingto control outcomes to a known or predictable range of gains orlosses. Risk management involves a set of steps which begin with asound understanding of one's business and the exposures or risksthat have to be covered to protect the value of that business.Then an assessment should be made of the types of variables thatcan affect the business and how best to protect against unwelcomeoutcomes. Consideration must also be given to the preferred riskprofile - whether one is risk- averse or fairly aggressive inapproach. This also involves deciding which instruments to use tomanage risk, and whether a natural hedge exists that can be used.Once undertaken, a risk-management strategy should be continuallyassessed for effectiveness and cost.
Secondarycurrency (variable currency or counter currency)	Thecurrency that the investor trades the base currency against (i.e.USD in EURUSD).
Shortposition	Aposition that benefits from a decline in market prices.
Short	Tosell.
Speculative	Buyingand selling in the hope of making a profit, rather than doing sofor some fundamental business-related need.
Spot	ASpot rate is the current market price of an asset.
Spotmarket	Thepart of the market calling for spot settlement of transactions.The precise meaning of 'spot' will depend on local custom for acommodity, security or currency. In the UK, US and Australianforeign-exchange markets, 'spot' means delivery two working dayshence.
Spread	Thedifference between the bid and the ask rate.

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